This image is part of a series that was created for an open textbook, Cardiovascular Pathophysiology for Pre-Clinical Students. The textbook will be available Summer 2022.

Preferred citation:

Kindred Grey (2022). "Potential sources of essential hypertension." CC BY 4.0.

Other contributions to this image:

(a) https://thenounproject.com/search/?q=brain&i=184294 

(b) https://thenounproject.com/search/?q=heart&i=2879041

Alternative text:

CNS: Increased basal sympathetic tone, abnormal stress response, abnormal response to baroreceptors. Baroreceptors: desensitization. Kidney: RAA dysfunction, ion channels defects. Blood vessels: Decreased nitric oxide, increased endothelin, Ca2+ or Na+/K+ channels defects, hyper responsiveness to catecholamines, medial layer hypertrophy. Adrenal: catecholamine leak or dysregulation.

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